Could Using AI Waive Your Attorney-Client Privilege?
The legal field is in large part reactive. Case law is formed from experiences of the past. Legislation often arises after people have experienced various grievances and challenges. This reactivity often results in people making decisions and acting in a way that has unintended—and often unfavorable—legal consequences. Artificial intelligence (AI) is no exception. In United States v. Heppner, Judge Jed Rakoff of the Southern District of New York, addressed a “question of first impression nationwide” about the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and the protections afforded.
The criminal defendant in this case, Bradley Heppner, input information received from his legal counsel into Claude (an AI platform) to prepare a better defense. Such inputs by the defendant were later used by counsel in forming the defendant’s defense strategy. In determining whether such communications were covered by attorney-client privilege or the work product doctrine, Judge Rakoff noted that “[b]ecause Claude is not an attorney, that alone disposes of Heppner’s claim of privilege.” Furthermore, Judge Rakoff found that the written communication between the defendant and Claude was not protected by the work product doctrine because the defendant acted on his own in inputting information into AI. In closing his memorandum of Heppner, Judge Rakoff stated that “… AI’s novelty does not mean that its use is not subject to longstanding legal principles … .”
This case serves as an important warning to clients and attorneys of the potential unforeseen consequences of using AI. For example, application of Heppner suggests that you should be cautious in feeding legal documents to AI, sharing facts of a potential lawsuit or the advice of counsel with AI, etc., due to the risk that such actions may forfeit protections under the law and may ultimately be used as evidence against you in a court of law.
Because the legal implications of using AI are only just beginning to become known, it is important to continually exercise wisdom every time you use AI. So, the next time you use Claude, Copilot, ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, or a myriad of other AI platforms to answer a legal question, interpret a document (including your estate planning documents), etc., remember to take a moment and think, “Would I want this plastered on the front page of The New York Times?” Better yet, ask yourself, “Would I want this used as evidence against me in a court of law?”
The criminal defendant in this case, Bradley Heppner, input information received from his legal counsel into Claude (an AI platform) to prepare a better defense. Such inputs by the defendant were later used by counsel in forming the defendant’s defense strategy. In determining whether such communications were covered by attorney-client privilege or the work product doctrine, Judge Rakoff noted that “[b]ecause Claude is not an attorney, that alone disposes of Heppner’s claim of privilege.” Furthermore, Judge Rakoff found that the written communication between the defendant and Claude was not protected by the work product doctrine because the defendant acted on his own in inputting information into AI. In closing his memorandum of Heppner, Judge Rakoff stated that “… AI’s novelty does not mean that its use is not subject to longstanding legal principles … .”
This case serves as an important warning to clients and attorneys of the potential unforeseen consequences of using AI. For example, application of Heppner suggests that you should be cautious in feeding legal documents to AI, sharing facts of a potential lawsuit or the advice of counsel with AI, etc., due to the risk that such actions may forfeit protections under the law and may ultimately be used as evidence against you in a court of law.
Because the legal implications of using AI are only just beginning to become known, it is important to continually exercise wisdom every time you use AI. So, the next time you use Claude, Copilot, ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, or a myriad of other AI platforms to answer a legal question, interpret a document (including your estate planning documents), etc., remember to take a moment and think, “Would I want this plastered on the front page of The New York Times?” Better yet, ask yourself, “Would I want this used as evidence against me in a court of law?”